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<title>Z-level programming language</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Z-level programming language</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the parallel programming language and is not to be confused with the <a href="Zebra_Programming_Language" title="Zebra Programming Language">Zebra Programming Language</a> typically used with printers.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#e0e0e0;">ZPL</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Array_programming" title="Array programming">Array</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser">Chamberlain <i>et al.</i> at <a href="University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">1993<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1993</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data">MIT License</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060211013421/http://www.cs.washington.edu/research/zpl/home/">www.cs.washington.edu</a>

<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://research.cs.washington.edu/zpl/home/index.html">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="Chapel_(programming_language)" title="Chapel (programming language)">Chapel</a><sup id="cite_ref-chplspec_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chplspec-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Z-level Programming Language</b> is an <a href="Array_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Array programming language">array programming language</a> designed to replace C and C++ programming languages in engineering and scientific applications.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because its design goal was to obtain <a href="Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">cross-platform</a> high performance, ZPL programs run fast on both <a href="Sequence" title="Sequence">sequential</a> and <a href="Parallel_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel computer">parallel computers</a>. Highly-parallel ZPL programs are simple and easy to write because it exclusively uses <a href="Implicit_parallelism" title="Implicit parallelism">implicit parallelism</a>.

</p><p>Originally called <b>Orca C</b>, ZPL was designed and implemented during 1993–1995 by the Orca Project of the Computer Science and Engineering Department at the <a href="University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Details">Details</h2></div>

<p>ZPL uses the array abstraction to implement a <a href="Data_parallelism" title="Data parallelism">data parallel</a> programming model. This is the reason why ZPL achieves such good performance: having no parallel directives or other forms of explicit parallelism, ZPL exploits the operational trait that when aggregate computations are described in terms of arrays, many scalar operations must be (implicitly) performed to implement the array operations. This <i>implied</i> computation can be automatically allotted to different processors to achieve concurrency: Parallelism arises from the semantics of the array operations.

</p><p>ZPL is translated into a conventional <a href="Abstract_syntax_tree" title="Abstract syntax tree">abstract syntax tree</a> representation on which <a href="Program_analysis" title="Program analysis">program analysis</a> and <a href="Optimization_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimization (computer science)">program optimizations</a> are performed. <a href="ANSI_C" title="ANSI C">ANSI C</a> code is generated as the object code. This C program (which is machine independent because it implements certain operations in abstract form) is then compiled using the native C compiler on the target machine with custom libraries optimized to the specific platform.

</p><p>The creators of ZPL were: Brad Chamberlain, Sung-Eun Choi, E Christopher Lewis, Calvin Lin, Jason Secosky, Larry Snyder, and W. Derrick Weathersby with assistance from Ruth Anderson, A.J. Bernheim, Marios Dikaiakos, George Forman, and Kurt Partridge.

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<ul><li><a href="Array_programming" title="Array programming">Array programming</a></li>

<li><a href="Partitioned_global_address_space" title="Partitioned global address space">Partitioned global address space</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205114946/http://chapel.cray.com/spec/spec-0.98.pdf">"Chapel spec (Acknowledgements)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cray Inc. 2015-10-01. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chapel.cray.com/spec/spec-0.98.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-14</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115204553/http://www.cs.washington.edu/research/zpl/overview/overview.html">"ZPL Home Page"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.washington.edu/research/zpl/overview/overview.html">the original</a> on 15 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.washington.edu/research/zpl/home/">Official website</a></span></span></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Parallel_computing346" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_algorithm" title="Parallel algorithm">Parallel algorithm</a></li>

<li><a href="Massively_parallel" title="Massively parallel">Massively parallel</a></li>

<li><a href="Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">Cloud computing</a></li>

<li><a href="High-performance_computing" title="High-performance computing">High-performance computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li>

<li><a href="Manycore_processor" title="Manycore processor">Manycore processor</a></li>

<li><a href="General-purpose_computing_on_graphics_processing_units" title="General-purpose computing on graphics processing units">GPGPU</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li>

<li><a href="Systolic_array" title="Systolic array">Systolic array</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Levels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Instruction-level_parallelism" title="Instruction-level parallelism">Instruction</a></li>

<li><a href="Task_parallelism" title="Task parallelism">Thread</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory-level_parallelism" title="Memory-level parallelism">Memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Pipeline_(computing)" title="Pipeline (computing)">Pipeline</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Temporal_multithreading" title="Temporal multithreading">Temporal</a></li>

<li><a href="Simultaneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous multithreading">Simultaneous</a> (SMT)</li>

<li><a href="Simultaneous_and_heterogeneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous and heterogeneous multithreading">Simultaneous and heterogenous</a></li>

<li><a href="Speculative_multithreading" title="Speculative multithreading">Speculative</a> (SpMT)</li>

<li><a href="Preemption_(computing)" title="Preemption (computing)">Preemptive</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_multitasking#Cooperative_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">Cooperative</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulldozer_(microarchitecture)#Bulldozer_core" title="Bulldozer (microarchitecture)">Clustered multi-thread</a> (CMT)</li>

<li><a href="Hardware_scout" title="Hardware scout">Hardware scout</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Parallel_RAM" title="Parallel RAM">PRAM model</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_external_memory" title="Parallel external memory">PEM model</a></li>

<li><a href="Analysis_of_parallel_algorithms" title="Analysis of parallel algorithms">Analysis of parallel algorithms</a></li>

<li><a href="Amdahl's_law" title="Amdahl's law">Amdahl's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Gustafson's_law" title="Gustafson's law">Gustafson's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Cost_efficiency" title="Cost efficiency">Cost efficiency</a></li>

<li><a href="Karp%E2%80%93Flatt_metric" title="Karp–Flatt metric">Karp–Flatt metric</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_slowdown" title="Parallel slowdown">Slowdown</a></li>

<li><a href="Speedup" title="Speedup">Speedup</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">Process</a></li>

<li><a href="Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">Thread</a></li>

<li><a href="Fiber_(computer_science)" title="Fiber (computer science)">Fiber</a></li>

<li><a href="Instruction_window" title="Instruction window">Instruction window</a></li>

<li><a href="Array_(data_structure)" title="Array (data structure)">Array</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coordination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_coherence" title="Memory coherence">Memory coherence</a></li>

<li><a href="Cache_coherence" title="Cache coherence">Cache coherence</a></li>

<li><a href="Cache_invalidation" title="Cache invalidation">Cache invalidation</a></li>

<li><a href="Barrier_(computer_science)" title="Barrier (computer science)">Barrier</a></li>

<li><a href="Synchronization_(computer_science)" title="Synchronization (computer science)">Synchronization</a></li>

<li><a href="Application_checkpointing" title="Application checkpointing">Application checkpointing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">Programming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Stream processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Dataflow_programming" title="Dataflow programming">Dataflow programming</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_programming_model" title="Parallel programming model">Models</a>

<ul><li><a href="Implicit_parallelism" title="Implicit parallelism">Implicit parallelism</a></li>

<li><a href="Explicit_parallelism" title="Explicit parallelism">Explicit parallelism</a></li>

<li><a href="Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">Concurrency</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Non-blocking_algorithm" title="Non-blocking algorithm">Non-blocking algorithm</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Flynn's_taxonomy" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Flynn's taxonomy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Single_instruction%2C_multiple_threads" title="Single instruction, multiple threads">Array processing</a> (SIMT)</li>

<li><a href="Flynn's_taxonomy#Pipelined_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Pipelined processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Flynn's_taxonomy#Associative_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Associative processing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dataflow_architecture" title="Dataflow architecture">Dataflow architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Instruction_pipelining" title="Instruction pipelining">Pipelined processor</a></li>

<li><a href="Superscalar_processor" title="Superscalar processor">Superscalar processor</a></li>

<li><a href="Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector processor</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessor</a>

<ul><li><a href="Symmetric_multiprocessing" title="Symmetric multiprocessing">symmetric</a></li>

<li><a href="Asymmetric_multiprocessing" title="Asymmetric multiprocessing">asymmetric</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Semiconductor_memory" title="Semiconductor memory">Memory</a>

<ul><li><a href="Shared_memory" title="Shared memory">shared</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_memory" title="Distributed memory">distributed</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_shared_memory" title="Distributed shared memory">distributed shared</a></li>

<li><a href="Massively_parallel" title="Massively parallel">Massively parallel</a> computer</li>

<li><a href="Computer_cluster" title="Computer cluster">Computer cluster</a>

<ul><li><a href="Beowulf_cluster" title="Beowulf cluster">Beowulf cluster</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Grid_computing" title="Grid computing">Grid computer</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="API" title="API">APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ateji_PX" title="Ateji PX">Ateji PX</a></li>

<li><a href="Boost_(C%2B%2B_libraries)" title="Boost (C++ libraries)">Boost</a></li>

<li><a href="Chapel_(programming_language)" title="Chapel (programming language)">Chapel</a></li>

<li><a href="Charm%2B%2B" title="Charm++">Charm++</a></li>

<li><a href="Coarray_Fortran" title="Coarray Fortran">Coarray Fortran</a></li>

<li><a href="Dryad_(programming)" title="Dryad (programming)">Dryad</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_Arrays" title="Global Arrays">Global Arrays</a></li>

<li><a href="GPUOpen" title="GPUOpen">GPUOpen</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenMP" title="OpenMP">OpenMP</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenCL" title="OpenCL">OpenCL</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenHMPP" title="OpenHMPP">OpenHMPP</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenACC" title="OpenACC">OpenACC</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_Extensions" title="Parallel Extensions">Parallel Extensions</a></li>

<li><a href="Pthreads" title="Pthreads">pthreads</a></li>

<li><a href="RaftLib" title="RaftLib">RaftLib</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Problems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Automatic_parallelization" title="Automatic parallelization">Automatic parallelization</a></li>

<li><a href="Deadlock_(computer_science)" title="Deadlock (computer science)">Deadlock</a></li>

<li><a href="Deterministic_algorithm" title="Deterministic algorithm">Deterministic algorithm</a></li>

<li><a href="Embarrassingly_parallel" title="Embarrassingly parallel">Embarrassingly parallel</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_slowdown" title="Parallel slowdown">Parallel slowdown</a></li>

<li><a href="Race_condition" title="Race condition">Race condition</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_lockout" title="Software lockout">Software lockout</a></li>

<li><a href="Scalability" title="Scalability">Scalability</a></li>

<li><a href="Starvation_(computer_science)" title="Starvation (computer science)">Starvation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category: Parallel computing</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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